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Isolation and Analysis of Plasma Lipoproteins by Ultracentrifugation
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Small dense low-density lipoprotein: Analytical review.

Christina Kanonidou1

  • 1Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.

Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
|June 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) is an emerging cardiovascular disease risk factor. Current methods for sdLDL determination lack a gold standard and clinical validation, limiting their use to research settings.

Keywords:
Analytical methodsCardiovascular diseaseLDL subfractionsLow-density lipoproteinReviewSmall dense LDL

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Lipid Metabolism
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is causally linked to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • Small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles represent a distinct LDL subfraction and an emerging CVD risk factor.
  • sdLDL is a promising biomarker for CVD risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review analytical and calculation-based methods for determining sdLDL in plasma.
  • To present the principles, strengths, and weaknesses of various sdLDL measurement techniques.
  • To examine challenges in comparing different sdLDL determination methods.

Main Methods:

  • A literature survey was conducted using the PubMed database.
  • Search strategy involved specific subject headings and keywords.
  • Pre-selected articles were reviewed for full-text content.

Main Results:

  • Multiple methods exist for analyzing LDL subfractions and measuring sdLDL (size, number, cholesterol).
  • Common techniques include ultracentrifugation (UC), gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE), NMR spectroscopy, and homogeneous assays.
  • No "gold standard" exists; UC and GGE are established but complex. NMR and homogeneous assays offer rapid, high-throughput potential for clinical use, but calculated sdLDL equations lack validation.

Conclusions:

  • Numerous analytical methods for sdLDL particle study have been developed.
  • Current use of these methods is primarily confined to research laboratories.
  • Full establishment of analytical/clinical performance and cost-effectiveness is pending.