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Requirements for Human Life01:26

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The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
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Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP. Brain cells are susceptible to a lack of oxygen because they require a...
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A body temperature above  38°C  (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in...
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Body Temperature01:07

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Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
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Hyperthermia occurs when the body's temperature becomes unusually high, often due to heat exposure, intense physical activity, or certain illnesses. This condition can create a dangerous cycle where elevated body temperature increases the metabolic rate, generating more heat and potentially leading to organ failure and brain damage. A severe form of hyperthermia, called heat stroke, can raise body temperature to life-threatening levels. Fever, on the other hand, is a controlled form of...
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The upper temperature thresholds of life.

Senthold Asseng1, Dietrich Spänkuch2, Ixchel M Hernandez-Ochoa3

  • 1Department of Life Science Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.

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Summary

Organisms like humans, livestock, and crops share similar temperature thresholds. Extended exposure to heat above 25°C, especially with high humidity, causes significant physiological stress and damage.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Physiology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Temperature is a critical environmental factor influencing biological processes across diverse eukaryotic organisms.
  • Understanding thermal tolerance is essential for predicting organismal responses to climate change and environmental shifts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize literature on temperature thresholds for various eukaryotic organisms, including humans, livestock, poultry, crops, and fisheries.
  • To identify common patterns and variations in thermal tolerance across different species and life forms.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on studies examining temperature effects on humans, livestock, poultry, agricultural crops, and fisheries.
  • Data on preferable, stressful, and lethal temperature ranges were extracted and compared across the selected organisms.

Main Results:

  • Preferable temperatures for most reviewed organisms (humans, cattle, pigs, poultry, fish, crops) fall within a narrow range of 17°C to 24°C.
  • Harmful effects, including heat stress and lethality, are exacerbated by higher humidity and prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures (above 25°C).
  • Stress and lethal temperature thresholds are sensitive to humidity levels, with higher humidity lowering tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Eukaryotic organisms inhabiting similar environments exhibit surprisingly similar temperature thresholds for physiological well-being and survival.
  • Increased frequency, duration, and intensity of non-optimal temperatures lead to cumulative physiological stress and damage in humans, livestock, poultry, fish, and crops.
  • These findings highlight the vulnerability of diverse life forms to thermal stress and underscore the importance of considering environmental conditions like humidity in predicting biological responses to climate change.