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Updated: Nov 2, 2025

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
His and her mathematical models of physiological systems
1Departments of Applied Mathematics and Biology, Cheriton School of Computer Science, and School of Pharmacology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1.
Abstract:
Beyond the reproductive system and reproductive behaviors, men and women exhibit major differences in many organ systems, including the anatomy of the brain, the activities of the stress and immune systems, and the metabolic and cardiovascular functions. A comprehensive understanding of the impact of these sex differences on health and disease is crucial to the development of effective sex-based therapies. Mathematical modeling has the potential of facilitating and contributing to advancing the understanding of sex differences in health and disease. Indeed, explosion of mathematical models have been developed in recent decades for different aspects of human physiology and pathophysiology. This review contains a survey of sex-specific mathematical models of physiological systems, describe insights that have been revealed in those modeling studies, and discuss future opportunities.
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