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When in group settings, we are often influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors around us. Groupthink is another phenomenon of conformity where modification of the opinions of members in a group aligns with what they believe is the group consensus (Janis, 1972). In such situations, the group often takes action that individuals would not perform outside the group setting because groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do. Moreover, groupthink can hinder opposing trains of...
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Humanistic psychology emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the deterministic and pessimistic nature of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. While behaviorism focused on observable behaviors influenced by the environment and psychoanalysis delved into unconscious motivations, both theories suggested that human actions lacked free will. In contrast, humanistic psychology offers a perspective that emphasizes the innate potential for goodness and growth within every individual.
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Related Experiment Video

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Free Speech Skepticism.

Susan J Brison

    Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal
    |June 14, 2021
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Current defenses for free speech principles fail to justify special protection for harmful speech. More justification is needed to support free speech practices, moving beyond mere belief.

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    Area of Science:

    • Political Philosophy
    • Legal Theory
    • Ethics

    Background:

    • The free speech clause of the First Amendment implies speech receives special protection.
    • This necessitates a distinct justification for a free speech principle, separate from general liberty.
    • Existing defenses must explain why the harm principle applies differently to speech.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To critically evaluate existing justifications for a distinct free speech principle.
    • To determine if harmful speech warrants special protection compared to other conduct.
    • To assess the foundational basis of current free speech practices.

    Main Methods:

    • Philosophical argumentation and conceptual analysis.
    • Examination of the harm principle's application to speech.
    • Critique of established free speech theories.

    Main Results:

    • No current defense adequately justifies special protection for harmful speech.
    • The harm principle appears to apply to speech with similar or greater force than to other conduct.
    • Existing justifications for free speech principles are insufficient.

    Conclusions:

    • A distinct free speech principle requires further, robust justification.
    • Current free speech practices may lack a solid theoretical foundation.
    • Belief in a distinct free speech principle currently functions as an article of faith.