Determination of bupivacaine tissue concentration in human biopsy samples using high-performance liquid...

In the present study, we developed a simple and rapid analytical method for the quantification of bupivacaine hydrochloride in human biopsy samples of adipose, muscle, neural, connective and cartilage tissue using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anesthetics were extracted from the tissue samples using 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile for protein denaturation and hexane for removal of lipophilic impurities. Analytes were separated adequately on Phenomenex Luna Omega polar C18 column using a gradient mobile phase 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. The lower limits of quantification were ≤ 97 ng g^-1 tissue for all studied tissues. Intra-day recoveries were between 48.2% and 82.1% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 1.47% and 14.28%, whereas inter-day recoveries were between 52.2% and 77.6% with RSDs between 2.98% and 14.79%. The calibration curve showed a linear fit with R² higher than 0.99 in the concentration range from 0.16 to 100 μg g^-1 . Lidocaine hydrochloride was tested as internal standard because its recoveries and matrix effects were comparable to bupivacaine hydrochloride. Post-analytical corrections of measured bupivacaine tissue concentrations can accordingly be made based on recovery of lidocaine as internal standard, with recoveries between 51.2% and 86.9% and RSDs between 1.99% and 16.88%. The developed method could be used to study time-dependent spread of bupivacaine locally or to more distant locations across tissue barriers.