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Related Concept Videos

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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RNA Stability

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Shaping the Bacterial Epitranscriptome-5'-Terminal and Internal RNA Modifications.

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Prokaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) modifications are poorly understood, but this review details known and potential mRNA modifications in prokaryotes. It explores identification techniques, regulatory proteins, and functions, highlighting future research directions.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Over 160 RNA modifications are known, influencing RNA properties and interactions.
  • Epitranscriptomics, the study of RNA modifications and their regulatory roles, primarily focuses on eukaryotes.
  • Prokaryotic RNA modifications remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current knowledge of the prokaryotic epitranscriptome, with a focus on messenger RNA (mRNA) modifications.
  • To explore the techniques used for identifying these modifications, their associated proteins (writers, readers, erasers), and their functions.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and outline future perspectives in prokaryotic epitranscriptomics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on prokaryotic RNA modifications.
  • Analysis of techniques for identifying RNA modifications, including next-generation sequencing.
  • Exploration of the roles of 'writers,' 'readers,' and 'erasers' in prokaryotic epitranscriptomics.

Main Results:

  • Several internal and 5'-terminal RNA modifications are identified or predicted in prokaryotic mRNA.
  • The review details the methods for identifying these modifications and the proteins involved.
  • Proposed functions for these prokaryotic mRNA modifications are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Prokaryotic mRNA modifications represent a significant, yet understudied, layer of gene regulation.
  • Advances in sequencing technologies are crucial for further elucidating the prokaryotic epitranscriptome.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the scope and impact of RNA modifications in prokaryotes.