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Related Concept Videos

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting...
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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models00:57

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models

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Physiological pharmacokinetic models, often called flow-limited or perfusion models, typically assume a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood, creating a rapid drug equilibrium. This premise is based on the idea that drug diffusion is extremely fast, and the cell membrane presents no barrier to drug permeation. In this scenario, where no drug binding occurs, the drug concentration in the tissue equals that of the venous blood leaving the tissue. This greatly simplifies the...
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Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 2, 2025

Speciation and Bioavailability Measurements of Environmental Plutonium Using Diffusion in Thin Films
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Strategies for Managing Risk due to Back Diffusion.

Michael C Brooks1, Eunice Yarney2, Junqi Huang1

  • 1Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 919 Kerr Research Drive, Ada, OK 74820.

Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation
|June 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Back diffusion from secondary sources complicates site cleanup. This review categorizes technologies for managing low permeable zones (LPZs), including passive, amendment diffusion, physical alteration, and thermal/electrokinetic methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Remediation Technology

Background:

  • Back diffusion of contaminants from low permeable zones (LPZs) is a significant challenge in site remediation.
  • Unaddressed back diffusion can lead to plume persistence and prolonged cleanup durations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review and categorize existing and potential technologies for addressing contaminant back diffusion from secondary sources.
  • To provide a framework for understanding different remediation strategies targeting LPZs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of peer-reviewed research on technologies for back diffusion.
  • Classification of remediation strategies into four categories: passive LPZ management, amendment diffusion, physical alteration, and thermal/electrokinetic methods.

Main Results:

  • Passive management relies on natural degradation over extended periods.
  • Amendment diffusion shows variable efficacy, with reported reductions up to four orders-of-magnitude.
  • Physical alteration (viscosity modification, fracturing, soil mixing) and thermal/electrokinetic methods offer alternatives, though the latter are less common for secondary sources.

Conclusions:

  • Effective remediation design must address back diffusion from LPZs.
  • A range of technologies exist, each with specific advantages and limitations.
  • Further research and application of advanced methods are needed for efficient site cleanup.