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Somatosensation

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 2, 2025

Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses

Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses

Published on: January 7, 2019

Grasping Embodiment: Haptic Feedback for Artificial Limbs.

Charles H Moore¹, Sierra F Corbin¹, Riley Mayr¹

¹Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, & Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.

Frontiers in Neurorobotics

|June 14, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Upper-limb prosthesis abandonment is linked to poor embodiment. Converting natural haptic feedback to vibrotactile feedback did not negatively impact embodiment, suggesting a promising avenue for prosthesis design.

Keywords:

prosthesis abandonment rubber hand illusion paradigm sense of embodiment upper-limb prostheses vibrotactile feedback

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Last Updated: Nov 2, 2025

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Neuroscience
Rehabilitation Science

Background:

Upper-limb prostheses face high abandonment rates, often due to a diminished sense of embodiment.
Embodiment, encompassing self-location, agency, and ownership, is crucial for prosthesis integration and utility.
Current prostheses primarily rely on visual feedback, neglecting critical haptic information for daily activities.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of converting natural haptic feedback to vibrotactile feedback on prosthesis embodiment.
To explore whether vibrotactile feedback can enhance or maintain the user's sense of embodiment.
To assess the feasibility of using proximal vibrotactile feedback in upper-limb prosthesis design.

Main Methods:

Participants received haptic feedback from prosthetic fingertips converted into vibrotactile sensations delivered to another body location.
Experimental manipulations compared different types of feedback delivery.
User embodiment was assessed through standardized measures before and after feedback intervention.

Main Results:

No significant differences were found between experimental feedback type manipulations.
Crucially, switching from natural haptic feedback to proximal vibrotactile feedback did not negatively affect embodiment.
Evidence suggests vibrotactile feedback can be a viable alternative for conveying sensory information.

Conclusions:

Proximal vibrotactile feedback is a promising sensory substitution strategy for upper-limb prostheses.
This feedback modality warrants further investigation and consideration in the design of more integrated and accepted prosthetic devices.
Improving haptic feedback may reduce prosthesis abandonment by enhancing user embodiment.