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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
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Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect01:26

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Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
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Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
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Equal Opportunity Interference: Both L1 and L2 Influence L3 Morpho-Syntactic Processing.

Nawras Abbas1, Tamar Degani2, Anat Prior1,3

  • 1Department of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.

Frontiers in Psychology
|June 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cross-language influences from first (L1) and second (L2) languages impact third language (L3) processing. Both L1 and L2 can influence L3, with distinct effects observed in online and offline measures.

Keywords:
English as a foreign languagecross-language influenceinterferencemorphosyntaxtrilingualism

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Second Language Acquisition
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Investigating cross-language influences in third language (L3) acquisition is crucial for understanding multilingualism.
  • Previous research often confounds cross-language influences due to typological similarities between languages.
  • This study addresses these limitations by examining typologically distant L1 and L2 in L3 processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cross-language influences from L1 and L2 in L3 morpho-syntactic processing.
  • To examine how acquisition order and proficiency modulate these influences.
  • To determine if cross-language influences differ between online and offline L3 processing measures.

Main Methods:

  • Study involved university trilinguals (Arabic-Hebrew-English, n=44) processing English (L3) and native English monolinguals (n=37).
  • Participants read English sentences with varying morpho-syntactic structures (mismatch with L1, L2, or both).
  • Eye-movements (online) and grammaticality judgments (offline) were recorded to assess processing.

Main Results:

  • L1 interference observed in initial reading phases (first pass), and L2 interference was robust in later reading (second pass) and offline judgments.
  • Both L1 and L2 can serve as sources of cross-language influence in L3 processing.
  • Differences emerged between online (automatic activation) and offline (strategic processing) measures.

Conclusions:

  • Trilinguals access all previously acquired linguistic knowledge during L3 processing.
  • The multilingual language system operates interactively, with L1 and L2 influences manifesting differently over time.
  • Online and offline measures capture distinct aspects of L3 processing and cross-language interactions.