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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 2, 2025

Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

Published on: April 11, 2014

Hydrogen peroxide reduction on single platinum nanoparticles.

Xin Chang¹, Christopher Batchelor-McAuley¹, Richard G Compton¹

¹Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ UK Richard.Compton@chem.ox.ac.uk.

Chemical Science

|June 14, 2021

Summary

Hydrogen peroxide reduction on platinum nanoparticles is surface-limited, not mass-transport controlled. The highest reaction rates occur when the platinum surface is partially covered by hydrogen, even at high potentials.

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Last Updated: Nov 2, 2025

Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

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Published on: April 11, 2014

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

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Published on: April 27, 2018

Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes

Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes

Published on: June 24, 2022

Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Surface Science
Catalysis

Background:

Oxygen reduction is crucial for electrochemical energy technologies.
Hydrogen peroxide may be an intermediate in oxygen reduction, especially on platinum catalysts.
Understanding reaction mechanisms at the nanoscale is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of hydrogen peroxide as an intermediate in oxygen reduction on platinum nanoparticles.
To determine the rate-limiting step for hydrogen peroxide reduction on single platinum nanoparticles.
To explore the influence of surface hydrogen coverage on hydrogen peroxide reduction rates.

Main Methods:

Electrochemical measurements at the single nanoparticle level.
Controlled potential experiments in alkaline media (pH 12.3).
Varying conditions to approach mass-transport-free regimes.

Main Results:

Hydrogen peroxide reduction on platinum nanoparticles is a surface-limited process, not mass-transport controlled.
The reaction rate exhibits a maximum at potentials near hydrogen underpotential deposition (H_upd).
Maximal reaction rates are observed when the platinum surface is partially covered with hydrogen.

Conclusions:

The direct reduction of hydrogen peroxide on platinum is governed by surface kinetics.
Surface hydrogen plays a critical role in enhancing hydrogen peroxide reduction rates.
These findings offer insights into optimizing platinum-based catalysts for electrochemical energy conversion.