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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Petroleum Geology
  • Organic Geochemistry

Background:

  • Understanding oil and gas generation and expulsion mechanisms is crucial for hydrocarbon exploration.
  • Lacustrine shale formations, like the Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, are significant petroleum sources.
  • The interplay between thermal maturity, organic richness, and hydrocarbon expulsion requires detailed investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms and controlling factors of oil and gas generation and expulsion from lacustrine shales.
  • To quantify expelled oil and gas yields and correlate them with thermal maturity (% vitrinite reflectance) and total organic carbon (TOC).
  • To establish numerical correlations and infer minimum TOC requirements for effective oil and gas source rocks.

Main Methods:

  • Two-stage heating experiments were conducted on immature lacustrine shale samples using a semi-open reactor.
  • Samples were subjected to 11 target temperatures ranging from 250-580 °C with heating rates of 20 and 5 °C/d.
  • Cumulative expelled oil and gas were quantified and analyzed alongside vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) and residual TOC.

Main Results:

  • Expelled oil yields increased significantly with maturity (0.5-1.25% Ro) and ceased above 1.45% Ro.
  • Expelled gas volumes increased markedly with maturity above 1.0% Ro.
  • Organic richness (original TOC) was the primary control on expulsion yields; yields increased linearly with TOC per rock weight but showed diminishing returns above 5% TOC per organic weight. Significant TOC reduction occurred between 0.5-1.1% Ro.

Conclusions:

  • Minimum TOC contents of 0.5% and 0.48% are required for effective oil and gas expulsion, respectively, within the generation window.
  • The study provides critical insights into source rock quality assessment and exploration potential by constraining organic richness effects on hydrocarbon generation and expulsion.
  • Numerical correlations were developed, aiding in predicting expulsion yields based on thermal conditions and TOC.