Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 2, 2025
07:29
Cell-free Biochemical Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for High-throughput Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation in High Density Lipoprotein
Published on: October 12, 2017
9.5K
Testosterone, HIV, and cardiovascular disease risk
Jelani K Grant1, Quentin Loyd1, Claudia Martinez2
1Internal Medicine Division, University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital.
Cardiovascular Endocrinology & Metabolism
|June 14, 2021
Summary
Testosterone supplementation is rising in young adults, raising concerns about cardiovascular safety, especially for people living with HIV (PLHIV) who face higher risks. This review examines testosterone deficiency diagnosis, management, and its link to cardiovascular disease in PLHIV.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Cardiovascular Medicine
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Rising use of testosterone supplementation in young adults.
- Controversy surrounding testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and cardiovascular safety.
- Increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and earlier TRT use in people living with HIV (PLHIV).
Purpose of the Study:
- To compile current evidence on testosterone deficiency in PLHIV.
- To review the diagnosis and management of testosterone deficiency.
- To explore the link between testosterone deficiency and CVD risk in PLHIV.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of existing studies.
- Synthesis of evidence on TRT and cardiovascular outcomes.
- Focus on data relevant to people living with HIV.
Main Results:
- Limited data currently exists on TRT in PLHIV.
- Testosterone deficiency is relevant due to increased CVD comorbidities in PLHIV.
- TRT use and cardiovascular safety in PLHIV requires further investigation.
Conclusions:
- Testosterone deficiency diagnosis and management in PLHIV needs more research.
- Understanding the link between TRT and CVD risk in PLHIV is crucial.
- Further studies are needed to guide safe and effective TRT practices for PLHIV.
Related Concept Videos
01:26Sexually Transmitted Infections
519
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
519
01:27Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease
140
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...
140
01:29Pulmonary Tuberculosis I
442
Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
442
01:10Retrovirus Life Cycles
47.9K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
47.9K
01:30Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction
565
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
565
01:12Hazard Ratio
324
The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
For example, in a clinical trial...
For example, in a clinical trial...
324