Time-resolved study of nonlinear photoemission in radio-frequency photoinjectors

Photoemission is one of the fundamental processes that describes the generation of charged particles from materials irradiated by photons. The continuous progress in the development of ultrashort lasers allows investigation into the dynamics of the process at the femtosecond timescale. Here we report about experimental measurements using two ultrashort ultraviolet laser pulses to temporally probe the electrons release from a copper cathode in a radio-frequency photoinjector. By changing their relative delay, we studied how the release mechanism is affected by two-photon photoemission when tens of GW/cm² intensities are employed. We evaluated the limits it poses on the achievable beam brightness and analyzed the resulting emission yield in terms of the electronic temperature by modeling the cathode as a two-temperature system.