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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Angular Velocity and Displacement01:08

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Uniform circular motion is motion in a circle at a constant speed. Although this is the simplest case of rotational motion, it is very useful for many situations and is used to introduce rotational variables. When a particle is moving in a circle, the coordinate system is fixed and serves as a frame of reference to define the particle’s position. Its position vector from the origin of the circle to the particle sweeps out the angle θ, which increases in the counterclockwise direction...
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Angular Momentum: Single Particle01:10

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Angular momentum is directed perpendicular to the plane of the rotation, and its magnitude depends on the choice of the origin. The perpendicular vector joining the linear momentum vector of an object to the origin is called the “lever arm.” If the lever arm and linear momentum are collinear, then the magnitude of the angular momentum is zero. Therefore, in this case, the object rotates about the origin such that it lies on the rim of the circumference defined by the lever arm...
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Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
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Angular Momentum01:21

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Angular momentum characterizes an object's rotational motion and is defined as the moment of its linear momentum about a specified point O. When a particle moves along a curved path in the x-y plane, the scalar formulation calculates the magnitude of its angular momentum, utilizing the moment arm (d), representing the perpendicular distance from point O to the line of action of the linear momentum. Despite being scalar in formulation, angular momentum is inherently a vector quantity. Its...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 2, 2025

The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow
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The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow

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Diffusion of active particles with angular velocity reversal.

Kristian Stølevik Olsen1

  • 1Department of Physics, PoreLab, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.

Physical Review. E
|June 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study models microswimmers with varying angular velocity, exploring how deterministic and stochastic changes affect their movement. Findings reveal insights into the dynamics of synthetic active matter systems.

Area of Science:

  • Active Matter Physics
  • Soft Condensed Matter
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Microswimmers, both biological and synthetic, exhibit diverse trajectories influenced by forces and torques.
  • Understanding microswimmer dynamics is crucial for applications in targeted drug delivery and micro-robotics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the swimming behavior of self-propelled particles with time-varying angular velocity.
  • To analyze the impact of deterministic and stochastic angular velocity reversals on particle dynamics.
  • To model systems mimicking synthetic active matter, such as propelled droplets.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a simple overdamped model for self-propelled particles.
  • Employed Langevin dynamics simulations to study particle trajectories.

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In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 2, 2025

The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow
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Visually Based Characterization of the Incipient Particle Motion in Regular Substrates: From Laminar to Turbulent Conditions
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In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging
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  • Applied perturbative methods to analyze orientational correlation functions and effective diffusivity.

    • Main Results:

    • Characterized the orientational correlation function for particles with time-dependent angular velocity.
    • Quantified the effective diffusivity influenced by angular velocity reversals.
    • Demonstrated the model's ability to replicate behaviors observed in synthetic active matter.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a theoretical framework for understanding microswimmer dynamics with intermittent turning behaviors.
    • Results offer insights into the relationship between angular velocity patterns and emergent collective motion.
    • The findings contribute to the broader understanding of non-equilibrium systems and active matter.