Radioisotope constraints of Arctic deep water export to the North Atlantic

The export of deep water from the Arctic to the Atlantic contributes to the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water, a crucial component of global ocean circulation. Records of protactinium-231 (²³¹Pa) and thorium-230 (²³⁰Th) in Arctic sediments can provide a measure of this export, but well-constrained sedimentary budgets of these isotopes have been difficult to achieve in the Arctic Ocean. Previous studies revealed a deficit of ²³¹Pa in central Arctic sediments, implying that some ²³¹Pa is either transported to the margins, where it may be removed in areas of higher particle flux, or exported from the Arctic via deep water advection. Here we investigate this "missing sink" of Arctic ²³¹Pa and find moderately increased ²³¹Pa deposition along Arctic margins. Nonetheless, we determine that most ²³¹Pa missing from the central basin must be lost via advection into the Nordic Seas, requiring deep water advection of 1.1 - 6.4 Sv through Fram Strait.