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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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Bioinspired Multiscale Wrinkling Patterns on Curved Substrates: An Overview.

Yinlong Tan1, Biru Hu1, Jia Song1

  • 1College of Liberal Arts and Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, People's Republic of China.

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Surface wrinkling on curved substrates is crucial for understanding biological growth and developing advanced fabrication techniques. This review summarizes mechanics, fabrication, and applications of these patterns, highlighting substrate curvature as a key control parameter.

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Low-dimensional materialsMicro/nano fabricationsSubstrate curvatureSurface instabilityWrinkling patterns

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Mechanics of Materials
  • Biomaterials Engineering

Background:

  • Surface wrinkling is common in biological tissues, influenced by mechanical forces.
  • While wrinkling on planar surfaces is well-studied, research on curved substrates remains limited.
  • Understanding wrinkling on curved surfaces is vital for biological growth, 3D/4D fabrication, and novel topographic patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review fundamental mechanics, fabrication methods, and applications of wrinkling patterns on curved substrates.
  • To compare wrinkling mechanics between planar and curved surfaces.
  • To highlight the significance of substrate curvature as a control parameter.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on wrinkling mechanics and fabrication.
  • Comparison of wrinkling behavior on planar versus curved substrates.
  • Simulation and selective production of wrinkling morphologies on spheres and cylinders.

Main Results:

  • Substrate curvature is a significant parameter controlling surface wrinkling, alongside film thickness, modulus ratio, and mismatch strain.
  • Wrinkling morphologies on solid/hollow core-shell spheres and cylinders have been simulated and produced.
  • Curved topographic patterns show emerging applications in smart wetting, cell culture, healthcare, and actuators.

Conclusions:

  • Wrinkling on curved substrates is critical for advancing biomimetic fabrication and understanding biological processes.
  • The review provides insights into controlling and utilizing curved topographic patterns for diverse applications.
  • Future developments may accelerate artificial organ creation, stimuli-responsive devices, and higher-dimensional micro/nano-fabrications.