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Related Concept Videos

Electrical Synapses01:28

Electrical Synapses

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Electrical synapses found in all nervous systems play important and unique roles. In these synapses, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are very close together (3.5 nm) and are actually physically connected by channel proteins forming gap junctions.
Gap junctions allow the current to pass directly from one cell to the next. In contrast, in the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters carry the information through the synaptic cleft from one neuron to the next. They consist of two...
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Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

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Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
Neuronal pools are collections of nerve cells with similar functions and interact through chemical and electrical signals. These pools include both interneurons (the central neural circuit nodes that...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Overview of Synapses01:25

Overview of Synapses

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A synapse is a specialized structure where two neurons connect, allowing them to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron. It is the point of communication between neurons. The term "synapse" is derived from the Greek word "synapsis," which means "conjunction." The entire process of neural communication revolves around the synapse. When activated, a neuron releases chemicals known as neurotransmitters into the synapse. These neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to...
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Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Assembly and Characterization of Biomolecular Memristors Consisting of Ion Channel-doped Lipid Membranes
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Memristive Artificial Synapses for Neuromorphic Computing.

Wen Huang1, Xuwen Xia2, Chen Zhu3

  • 1New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory of Jiangsu Province and School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (NJUPT), Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China. wenhuang@njupt.edu.cn.

Nano-Micro Letters
|June 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Neuromorphic computing uses memristive synaptic devices to mimic brain functions, overcoming traditional architecture limits. This review categorizes devices by electrical, optical, or combined stimulation for advanced information processing.

Keywords:
Electrical pulsesNeuromorphic computingOptical pulsesPhotoelectric synergetic effectsSynaptic devices

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computer Engineering
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Neuromorphic computing aims to emulate biological brains for efficient information processing, addressing limitations of the von Neumann architecture.
  • Memristive synaptic devices are crucial for realizing neuromorphic systems by mimicking biological synapses.
  • Recent advancements involve integrating electrical and optical signals into synaptic devices to simulate complex brain functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and categorize synaptic devices used in neuromorphic computing based on their stimulation methods (electrical, optical, photoelectric).
  • To analyze the working mechanisms and progress in mimicking synaptic functions using these devices.
  • To outline application scenarios and prospect future developments for efficient neuromorphic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Categorization of synaptic devices into electrically stimulated, optically stimulated, and photoelectric synergetic types.
  • Detailed analysis of the working principles and mechanisms of various synaptic devices.
  • Review of current research on mimicking synaptic plasticity and functions.

Main Results:

  • Synaptic devices are classified based on the type of signal used for stimulation, highlighting distinct operational principles.
  • Significant progress has been made in simulating diverse synaptic functions, including short-term and long-term plasticity.
  • Various application scenarios, from pattern recognition to artificial intelligence, are being explored.

Conclusions:

  • Electrical, optical, and photoelectric synaptic devices offer distinct advantages for neuromorphic computing.
  • Further development of these devices is essential for creating high-performance, brain-inspired computing systems.
  • The review provides a comprehensive overview and outlook for future research in synaptic device technology.