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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Stable Lithium-Carbon Composite Enabled by Dual-Salt Additives.

Lei Zheng1,2, Feng Guo1,2, Tuo Kang2

  • 1School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, People's Republic of China.

Nano-Micro Letters
|June 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Dual-salt additives of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) and lithium nitrate (LiNO3) in ether electrolytes significantly enhance lithium-carbon (Li-CNT) battery stability. This breakthrough improves cycling efficiency and rate capability for next-generation lithium metal batteries.

Keywords:
Coulombic efficiencyDual-salt additivesLi-CNTLithium metal batterySolid electrolyte interphase

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Lithium metal is a promising anode material for high-energy-density batteries.
  • Its high reactivity with liquid electrolytes causes poor cycling stability and shortens battery lifespan.
  • Improving cycling Coulombic efficiency (CE) is crucial for practical lithium metal batteries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the cycling stability and rate capability of lithium-carbon (Li-CNT) composite anodes.
  • To investigate the effect of dual-salt additives (LiPF6 and LiNO3) in ether-based electrolytes.
  • To understand the surface chemistry responsible for improved electrode performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized dual-salt additives, LiPF6 and LiNO3, in an ether solvent-based electrolyte.
  • Tested Li-CNT composite anodes at a current density of 2.5 mA cm⁻² with an N/P ratio of 2.
  • Analyzed the composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer.

Main Results:

  • Achieved an average cycling CE of 99.30% for the Li-CNT anode.
  • Demonstrated significant improvements in cycling stability and rate capability.
  • Observed the formation of a robust SEI layer containing inorganic and organic polyether components.

Conclusions:

  • Dual-salt additives (LiPF6 and LiNO3) effectively stabilize Li-CNT anodes in ether electrolytes.
  • The improved SEI layer, formed from additive decomposition and solvent polymerization, enhances battery performance.
  • This approach offers a viable strategy for practical lithium metal battery applications.