Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength

The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength

The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is at equilibrium:

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the other sites. When a protein is allosteric, its binding sites are called coupled or linked. In the case of enzymes, the site that binds to the substrate is known as the active site and the other site is known as the regulatory site. When a ligand binds to the regulatory site, this leads to conformational changes in the protein that can influence...

Ligand Binding Sites

Ligand Binding Sites

Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that carry out a wide variety of essential processes; however, the activities of most proteins depend on their interactions with other molecules or ions, known as ligands.
Protein-ligand interactions are quite specific; even though numerous potential ligands surround a cellular protein at any given time, only a particular ligand can bind to that protein. Moreover, a ligand binds only to a dedicated area on the surface of the protein, known as the...

Ligand Binding Sites

Ligand Binding Sites

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...

Drug-Receptor Bonds

Drug-Receptor Bonds

Drug-receptor bonds are formed through various chemical forces when drugs interact with target cells. Covalent bonds, strong and irreversible, are exemplified by DNA-alkylating anticancer agents that inhibit cell division. However, such irreversible drug binding lacks selectivity and can modify the DNA of the surrounding healthy cells. Covalent binding often contributes to tissue toxicity, as seen with chloroform and paracetamol metabolites binding to the liver, causing hepatotoxicity.
In...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Lewis acid-mediated synthesis of pyrido[1,2-<i>a</i>]indoles <i>via</i> 1,2-aryl/alkyl migration-aromatization of fused 3-oxindoles.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026

Same author

Rapid Access to Photoswitchable RNA Binders: Fluorination Enhances Protein Rescue by Exon Inclusion.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Same author

Aerobic Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Construction of 4-Azafluorenones from 2-Arylidene-1,3-Indandiones and β-Enamino Carbonyl Compounds.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2026

Same author

DNA i-motif guided synthesis of a selective telomerase inhibitor.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026

Same author

Correction: <i>In situ</i> formation of transcriptional modulators using non-canonical DNA i-motifs.

Chemical science·2026

Same author

Discovery of ferroptosis-inducing R4VP compounds for targeting aggressive cancers.

Oncogene·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Author Spotlight: Characterizing DNA G-Quadruplex by Bis-3-Chloropiperidine Based Chemical Mapping

Author Spotlight: Characterizing DNA G-Quadruplex by Bis-3-Chloropiperidine Based Chemical Mapping

Published on: May 12, 2023

Insights from Binding on Quadruplex Selective Carbazole Ligands.

Diana Müller¹, Puja Saha², Deepanjan Panda²

¹Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Strasse 7, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|June 17, 2021

Summary

Carbazole derivatives are promising G-quadruplex (G4) ligands for potential therapeutics and biosensors. Their unique structure offers topological preference, fluorescence, and bioactivity, making them valuable in medicinal chemistry.

Keywords:

G-quadruplexes NMR spectroscopy biophysics carbazole ligands ligand design

More Related Videos

Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

Published on: September 19, 2017

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Published on: April 4, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Author Spotlight: Characterizing DNA G-Quadruplex by Bis-3-Chloropiperidine Based Chemical Mapping

Author Spotlight: Characterizing DNA G-Quadruplex by Bis-3-Chloropiperidine Based Chemical Mapping

Published on: May 12, 2023

Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

Published on: September 19, 2017

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Published on: April 4, 2025

Area of Science:

Medicinal Chemistry
Biochemistry
Molecular Biology

Background:

G-quadruplex (G4) DNA structures are crucial in genomic stability, telomere maintenance, and proto-oncogene transcription.
G4 ligands are investigated for treating various human diseases.
Carbazole scaffolds are of significant interest for designing effective G4 ligands due to their structural properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To review carbazole-based G-quadruplex ligands.
To highlight their binding insights using NMR spectroscopy.
To discuss structure-activity relationships and potential applications.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on carbazole derivatives as G4 ligands.
Analysis of binding interactions via NMR spectroscopy.
Evaluation of structure-activity relationships.

Main Results:

Carbazole derivatives exhibit remarkable G-quadruplex topological preference.
These ligands possess favorable fluorescence properties.
Significant bioactivity has been observed in carbazole-based G4 ligands.

Conclusions:

Carbazole is a highly promising scaffold for developing novel G4 ligands.
These ligands show potential for therapeutic applications and biosensor development.
Further research can unlock a range of novel functional applications for carbazole-based G4 ligands.