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Joule-Thomson Effect01:21

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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High-resolution Thermal Micro-imaging Using Europium Chelate Luminescent Coatings
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Ultrafast and Controllable Phase Evolution by Flash Joule Heating.

Weiyin Chen, John Tianci Li, Zhe Wang

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    |June 17, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Flash Joule heating (FJH) successfully synthesized novel fluorinated carbon materials, including nanodiamonds and graphene. This advanced technique offers control over carbon allotrope formation and properties.

    Keywords:
    carbon materialsconcentric carbonflash Joule heatingflash graphenefluorinated carbon allotropesnanodiamond

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Nanotechnology
    • Chemistry

    Background:

    • Flash Joule heating (FJH) is an advanced technique for synthesizing high-quality carbon materials.
    • Previous FJH methods successfully produced turbostratic graphene but struggled with other carbon allotropes and functionalization.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report the solvent-free FJH synthesis of three distinct fluorinated carbon allotropes.
    • To investigate the formation and properties of fluorinated nanodiamonds, turbostratic graphene, and concentric carbon using FJH.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized millisecond flashing of organic fluorine compounds and fluoride precursors.
    • Employed a solvent-free Flash Joule heating process.
    • Conducted spectroscopic analysis to characterize the synthesized materials.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully synthesized fluorinated nanodiamonds, fluorinated turbostratic graphene, and fluorinated concentric carbon.
    • Spectroscopic analysis confirmed modifications in electronic states and varied structural orders.
    • Demonstrated flash-time-dependent control over phase evolution and product composition.

    Conclusions:

    • Solvent-free FJH enables the synthesis of diverse fluorinated carbon allotropes.
    • The FJH process offers tunable control over carbon material synthesis.
    • This work expands the scope of FJH for creating functionalized carbon nanomaterials.