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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Language Development01:22

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Automatic processing refers to the cognitive operations that occur without conscious intent or awareness, playing a fundamental role in shaping social cognition and behavior. These processes enable individuals to navigate complex social environments efficiently by relying on mental shortcuts and pre-existing knowledge structures known as schemas. One of the most influential mechanisms underlying automatic processing is priming, which subtly activates mental representations through exposure to...
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Related Experiment Video

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Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Literacy can enhance syntactic prediction in spoken language processing.

Saoradh Favier1, Antje S Meyer1, Falk Huettig1

  • 1Department of Psychology of Language.

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|June 17, 2021
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Summary

Literacy experience enhances syntactic prediction in spoken language for proficient adult readers. This suggests reading skills can improve auditory language processing by leveraging similar cognitive mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Reading Science

Background:

  • Syntactic cues aid language prediction during comprehension.
  • Prior studies link reading skills to spoken language prediction in specific populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the relationship between literacy experience and predictive spoken language processing in proficient adult readers.
  • Determine if literacy influences online syntactic prediction in auditory comprehension.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the visual world paradigm to track anticipatory eye movements.
  • Measured prediction of upcoming words based on syntactic cues in spoken sentences.

Main Results:

  • Literacy experience emerged as the strongest predictor of target word anticipation.
  • This predictive ability was independent of general cognitive abilities.

Conclusions:

  • Written language experience enhances syntactic prediction in spoken language for typical adult readers.
  • Cognitive processing skills, particularly syntactic prediction, can transfer from reading to listening.