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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

35.8K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Proteins are...
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Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

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Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

12.1K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems
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Engineering molecular translation systems.

Camila Kofman1, Joongoo Lee2, Michael C Jewett3

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.

Cell Systems
|June 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists are engineering molecular translation systems to create novel proteins with non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs). Recent advances in cell-based and cell-free systems expand the possibilities for synthetic biology and polymer development.

Keywords:
chemical biologynon-canonical amino acidsorthogonal translation systemsprotein synthesissynthetic biologysystems biology

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Molecular translation systems are fundamental to protein synthesis in all life.
  • Engineering these systems allows for the incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs).
  • This capability opens new avenues in chemical and synthetic biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in engineering molecular translation systems.
  • To highlight innovations in both cell-based and cell-free approaches.
  • To discuss the future potential for creating novel polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on engineered molecular translation systems.
  • Focus on advancements in cell-based systems: recoded genomes, tethered ribosomal subunits, high-throughput orthogonality engineering.
  • Focus on advancements in cell-free systems: flexizyme technology, cell-free ribosome synthesis and evolution.

Main Results:

  • Emergence of new processes for genome recoding and ribosomal subunit tethering in cell-based systems.
  • High-throughput workflows are enhancing the engineering of orthogonality.
  • Flexizyme technology and novel ribosome platforms are expanding chemical capabilities in cell-free systems.

Conclusions:

  • Recent innovations are significantly transforming the engineering of molecular translation systems.
  • These advancements deepen our understanding of molecular translation.
  • Future innovations promise the creation of polymers with unprecedented structures and functions.