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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Wave Propagation
    • Image Formation

    Background:

    • Scattering media like fog and biological tissues impede wave propagation.
    • Coherent (ballistic) waves are rapidly attenuated in such media.
    • Early-time diffusion (ETD) behavior offers a potential alternative for imaging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe a two-way (reflection) imaging scenario using the ETD phenomenon.
    • To propose a specific image formation technique for ETD imaging.
    • To evaluate the image resolution and potential improvements.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing radiative transport theory to evaluate the point-spread function (PSF).
    • Analyzing a two-way imaging scenario with ETD.
    • Applying a regularized deconvolution technique to enhance image resolution.

    Main Results:

    • The directly formed image resolution is comparable to the scattering medium's forward peak.
    • Regularized deconvolution significantly improves resolution (factor of ~4) for optical thickness ~20.
    • Effective imaging is possible even with high noise levels relative to the coherent component.

    Conclusions:

    • ETD imaging provides a viable method for penetrating scattering media.
    • Image resolution can be substantially enhanced using deconvolution techniques.
    • This approach holds promise for applications in atmospheric and biomedical imaging.