Rapid exome sequencing: revolutionises the management of acutely unwell neonates

Diagnosing acutely unwell infants with a potential genetic diagnosis can be challenging for healthcare professionals. Evidence suggests that up to 13% of critically unwell infants on the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) have an underlying molecular diagnosis and when identified directly affects treatment decisions in 83%. On 1st October 2019, the National Health Service England (NHSE) launched a nationally commissioned service so that rapid whole-exome sequencing can be offered to critically unwell babies and children with a likely monogenic disorder who are admitted to NICU and paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). We present 7 cases from two neonatal units in the West Midlands (UK), where rapid exome sequencing has revealed a genetic diagnosis. Early genetic diagnosis in this cohort has influenced management in all (100%) cases, and in 57% (4 in 7 cases), it has helped in the decision to reorientate care. In some cases, early diagnosis has reduced the need for invasive and unnecessary investigations and avoided the need for post-mortem investigations. The genetic diagnosis has helped in counselling the families regarding the recurrence risk for future pregnancies. In some cases, this has provided parents with the reassurance of a low recurrence. In others, it has resulted in the offer of prenatal diagnosis or assisted conception technologies. What is Known: • Rapid whole-exome sequencing was commissioned in the UK in October 2019. • It is available for critically unwell babies with a likely monogenic aetiology. What is New: • It helps management planning for rare genetic disorders and future pregnancies counselling. • It can reduce the need for invasive investigations and overall intensive care costs.