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Updated: Nov 1, 2025
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Spatio-temporal temperature fields generated coronally with bulk-fill resin composites: A thermography study
Jiawei Yang1, Hamad Algamaiah2, David C Watts3
1Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Summary
High-irradiance (3s) light-curing protocols and pre-heated composites show safe intra-dental temperatures. These bulk-fill resin-based composites (RBCs) confine heat, protecting underlying dentin and pulp.
Area of Science:
- Dental Materials Science
- Polymer Chemistry
- Biomedical Engineering
Background:
- Bulk-fill resin-based composites (RBCs) are widely used in dental restorations.
- Light-curing protocols and composite properties influence intra-dental temperature rise.
- Elevated temperatures can potentially harm dental pulp and surrounding tissues.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare the intra-dental temperature effects of high-irradiance (3s) versus standard-irradiance (10s) light-curing protocols.
- To evaluate temperature changes using Ultra-Rapid Photo-Polymerized Bulk Fill (URPBF) composites, a pre-heated thermo-viscous composite, and a standard bulk-fill RBC.
- To assess temperature distribution within the molar cavity and at different depths of the tooth structure.
Main Methods:
- Utilized a caries-free lower first molar as a natural tooth mold.
- Tested two URPBF composites (PFill, PFlow), one pre-heated composite (VC), and one standard bulk-fill RBC (OBF).
- Employed two LED light-curing devices (Bluephase PowerCure and Elipar S10) with three protocols (PC-3s, PC-10s, S10-10s).
- Recorded 2D temperature maps using a thermal imaging camera during and after irradiation.
- Analyzed temperature data at four levels: cavity top, 2mm, 4mm from top, and 1mm below cavity floor.
Main Results:
- All tested resin-based composites (RBCs) exhibited similar qualitative temperature-time profiles.
- The PC-3s (3000 mW/cm²) protocol showed comparable temperature rise (ΔT) to S10-10s, except for PFill where ΔT was higher.
- The Elipar S10 (1200 mW/cm²) resulted in higher maximum (Tmax) and ΔT compared to PC-10s, despite similar irradiance.
- Maximum temperatures and temperature rises were highest at the 2mm level and lowest at 1mm depth into dentin.
Conclusions:
- Intra-dental temperature rises were largely confined within the bulk-fill RBC materials, indicating thermal insulation.
- Different light-curing protocols and composites demonstrated similar temperature changes overall.
- The PC-3s protocol and pre-heated VC showed minimal temperature rises in dentin, suggesting clinical safety with adequate dentin thickness.
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