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Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Hydrogel Nanoparticle Harvesting of Plasma or Urine for Detecting Low Abundance Proteins
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Calprotectin: from biomarker to biological function.

Almina Jukic1, Latifa Bakiri2, Erwin F Wagner2,3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.

Gut
|June 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Faecal calprotectin (CP) is a validated biomarker for gut inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This review explores CP

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Immunology
  • Biomarker Discovery and Validation

Background:

  • Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic conditions linked to Westernized diets.
  • Faecal calprotectin (CP) has been a validated, non-invasive biomarker for assessing gut inflammation since the 1980s.
  • CP aids in differentiating inflammatory from non-inflammatory gut conditions and monitoring IBD disease activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of faecal CP from a simple biomarker to a regulator (rheostat) of mucosal inflammation.
  • To propose an algorithm for interpreting faecal CP in clinical practice.
  • To explore how understanding CP's biological functions can improve IBD management.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of longitudinal evidence on faecal calprotectin.
Keywords:
immune responseimmunologyinflammationinflammatory bowel diseasestool markers

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  • Analysis of recent studies on the biological functions of CP subunits S100A8 and S100A9.
  • Synthesis of data to propose a clinical interpretation algorithm.

    • Main Results:

    • Faecal CP is a reliable indicator of gut inflammation and disease course in IBD.
    • CP subunits (S100A8, S100A9) play key roles in orchestrating mucosal inflammatory responses.
    • Longitudinal data support CP's role beyond a mere biomarker to a modulator of inflammation.

    Conclusions:

    • Faecal CP is a crucial tool for evaluating gut inflammation in IBD.
    • Understanding CP's biological mechanisms can enhance assay interpretation and guide personalized IBD therapy.
    • Further clinical trials are warranted to validate the proposed mechanistic insights and therapeutic strategies.