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Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding
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Graphene production by cracking.

Sivasambu Bohm1, Avinash Ingle2, H L Mallika Bohm1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|June 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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High-quality graphene production is key for industrial use. High-pressure exfoliation yields more graphene with fewer layers, overcoming current material limitations for advanced applications.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Graphene's unique properties (impermeability, conductivity, high strength-to-weight ratio) enable diverse industrial applications.
  • Current limitations include cost-effective, high-quality material availability and effective incorporation into product matrices.
  • Graphene oxide and other 2D materials also face similar challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss various graphene production methods and their impact on material quality.
  • To evaluate the energy input required for different production routes.
  • To identify optimal methods for producing high-quality graphene for industrial demands.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of top-down production routes: chemical, electrochemical, and high-pressure mechanical exfoliation.
Keywords:
2D materialsenergy storagegraphenegraphene oxidegraphene productiontransistors

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  • Assessment of graphene quality (thickness, defects) based on production method.
  • Evaluation of energy efficiency and yield for each method.
  • Main Results:

    • Graphene with average thickness below five layers was produced by multiple methods, exhibiting varying defect levels.
    • High-pressure exfoliation yielded a greater quantity of graphene with fewer layers compared to other methods.
    • Production methods significantly impact graphene quality and suitability for specific end applications.

    Conclusions:

    • Overcoming challenges in cost-effective production and material incorporation is crucial for widespread graphene adoption.
    • High-pressure exfoliation appears promising for industrial-scale production of high-quality, few-layer graphene.
    • Chemically tuning graphene via functionalization facilitates its integration into various matrices, driving future demand.