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Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
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Generating Lap Joints Via Friction Stir Spot Welding on DP780 Steel
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Energizing ASTM lap joint fracture standards.

Kevin Kendall1

  • 1Adelan, Weekin Works, 112 Park Hill Road, Harborne, West Midlands B15 9HD, UK.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|June 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study critiques ASTM standards for welded joints, advocating for fracture energy over stress-based failure criteria. It proposes using Griffith

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Fracture Mechanics
  • Composite Materials

Background:

  • Current ASTM standards for welded and glued joints neglect the Griffith energy criterion.
  • ASTM's stress-based failure definition, originating from Galileo, is inadequate for fracture analysis.
  • Standardized testing of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) lap joints reveals significant issues with existing methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the inadequacy of current ASTM 'shear strength' standards for welded lap joints.
  • To propose replacing stress-based criteria with Griffith's energy conservation principle for evaluating joint performance.
  • To highlight the importance of fracture surface energy as the primary parameter resisting failure in lap joints.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ASTM D5868 test limitations for CFRP lap joints.
Keywords:
crackenergy criterionfracturelap jointpeelingstrength

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  • Application of Griffith's energy conservation argument to lap joint fracture.
  • Investigation of tensile delamination in lap joints, focusing on stored elastic energy changes.

    • Main Results:

    • ASTM standards fail to account for fracture energy, leading to inaccurate assessments of joint toughness.
    • Fracture force in lap joints is not proportional to area, invalidating the concept of size-independent strength.
    • The study identifies a size effect where larger joints exhibit lower strength, contrary to Galileo's observations on bent beams.

    Conclusions:

    • ASTM standards for welded joints require revision to incorporate fracture mechanics principles.
    • Griffith's energy criterion offers a more robust framework for assessing lap joint performance than stress-based methods.
    • Tensile delamination, driven by stored elastic energy, is a more accurate description of lap joint failure than 'shear strength'.