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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Demystifying particle-based oral vaccines.

Pedro Gonzalez-Cruz1, Harvinder Singh Gill1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
|June 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Particle-based oral vaccines offer a needle-free vaccination route but face challenges. Standardizing formulations and using adjuvants are key to enhancing immune responses and improving oral vaccine development.

Keywords:
Deliverymucosaloral vaccineparticlespollensporopollenin

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Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Oral vaccination presents advantages like needle-free administration and induction of systemic and mucosal immunity.
  • Significant hurdles for oral vaccines include gastrointestinal barriers and antigen degradation, limiting the efficacy of non-living antigen delivery systems.
  • While live attenuated vaccines can overcome these barriers, they carry safety concerns, prompting research into alternative delivery systems like particles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify underlying factors contributing to the current inadequacies of particle-based oral vaccine delivery systems.
  • To propose implementable paradigms for the successful future development of oral vaccines utilizing particle-based delivery.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted focusing on particle-based oral vaccination strategies.
  • Emphasis was placed on analyzing formulation characteristics and administration schedules.
  • The impact of these parameters on antigen-specific antibody production in systemic and mucosal compartments was investigated.

Main Results:

  • Particle-based oral vaccination is a relatively nascent field with considerable variability in study designs, including dosing schedules, number of doses, and antigen amounts.
  • Most studies have not incorporated adjuvants, which are crucial for enhancing immune responses.
  • Lack of standardization in vaccination parameters hinders direct comparison between different research findings.

Conclusions:

  • Standardization of vaccination parameters is essential for improving experimental comparability in particle-based oral vaccine research.
  • The incorporation of adjuvants is recommended to boost systemic and mucosal immune responses.
  • Adjuvants can potentially reduce the required number of doses, making oral vaccines more practical and attractive.