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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

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Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:  
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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Confounding in statistical epidemiology represents a pivotal challenge, referring to the distortion in the perceived relationship between an exposure and an outcome due to the presence of a third variable, known as a confounder. This variable is associated with both the exposure and the outcome but is not a direct link in their causal chain. Its presence can lead to erroneous interpretations of the exposure's effect, either exaggerating or underestimating the true association. This...
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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 1
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Temporal Trends in Undervaccination: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Matthew F Daley1, Liza M Reifler2, Jo Ann Shoup2

  • 1Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, Colorado.

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
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Summary

Vaccination timeliness improved over 14 years, but a small, increasing number of children remain unvaccinated. Monitoring undervaccination trends is crucial for improving vaccine confidence and coverage.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Health
  • Vaccinology
  • Public Health Surveillance

Background:

  • Monitoring vaccination trends, including parental vaccine refusal or delay, is essential for public health initiatives.
  • Improving vaccine confidence and coverage rates are key public health goals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze temporal trends in childhood undervaccination from 2004 to 2017.
  • To assess the relationship between parental vaccine refusal/delay and vaccination patterns.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective cohort study of 808,170 children born between 2004-2017 using Vaccine Safety Datalink electronic health records.
  • Calculation of average undervaccinated days per child and analysis of temporal trends using linear regression.
  • A nested parent survey to compare reported vaccine refusal/delay with observed vaccination status.

Main Results:

  • Vaccination timeliness improved, with the percentage of fully vaccinated children rising from 47.1% (2008) to 68.4% (2017).
  • The percentage of children receiving no vaccines by 23 months increased from 0.35% (2004) to 1.28% (2017).
  • Parent survey data indicated a high proportion of parents of undervaccinated children reported vaccine refusal or delay.

Conclusions:

  • Childhood vaccination timeliness has improved over a 14-year period.
  • A small but growing number of children are not receiving vaccines by age 23 months, requiring further attention.
  • Understanding undervaccination patterns is vital for targeted public health interventions.