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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Human Circadian Phenotyping and Diurnal Performance Testing in the Real World
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Time in Range as a Research Outcome Measure.

Joseph G Timmons1,2, James G Boyle2,3, John R Petrie1,2

  • 1Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, U.K.

Diabetes Spectrum : a Publication of the American Diabetes Association
|June 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Time in range (TIR) is an emerging outcome for type 1 diabetes trials. This article defines TIR, discusses its validity as a primary outcome, and explores practical considerations for its use in clinical trials.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Clinical Trials
  • Diabetes Research

Background:

  • Time in range (TIR) is increasingly recognized as a key metric in managing type 1 diabetes.
  • Its adoption in clinical trials necessitates a thorough understanding of its implications for study design and interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define Time in range (TIR) and outline current international consensus on TIR targets.
  • To review the evidence supporting the validity of TIR as a primary outcome in clinical trials.
  • To discuss the practical, ethical, and logistical challenges associated with incorporating TIR into trial design.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current international guidelines and consensus statements on TIR.
  • Analysis of existing evidence supporting TIR as a clinical trial outcome measure.
  • Discussion of practical, ethical, and logistical considerations for trial design.

Main Results:

  • Established definition and international consensus targets for TIR.
  • Evidence presented on the validity of TIR as a primary outcome measure.
  • Identified key practical, ethical, and logistical issues for TIR implementation in trials.

Conclusions:

  • TIR is a valuable outcome measure for type 1 diabetes clinical trials.
  • Careful consideration of practical, ethical, and logistical factors is crucial for successful TIR integration.
  • Further research and standardization may enhance the utility of TIR in diabetes research.