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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System II: Inspection01:29

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System II: Inspection

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Inspection is the initial step in assessing the cardiovascular system. It involves a detailed visual examination that provides crucial information about a patient's circulatory and cardiac health. This systematic process, conducted from head to toe, helps identify signs of cardiovascular conditions by observing physical appearance, skin and mucous membranes, jugular and carotid pulsations, chest symmetry, and the condition of the extremities.
Head and Neck
576
Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

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A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

383
The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
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Assessment of Respiration01:23

Assessment of Respiration

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The respiratory system's basic structures and primary functions lay the foundation for nurses' comprehensive respiratory assessments. This assessment includes subjective and objective data to gauge the patient's respiratory health.
Subjective Assessment: Nurses interview the patient to gather information directly during the subjective assessment. It includes questions about the individual's medical history, medications, and symptoms, focusing on past respiratory conditions like...
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Data Collection III01:05

Data Collection III

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The physical assessment examines the patient for objective data that defines the patient's condition, and aids in formulating the nursing care plan. The purpose of physical assessment is a health status appraisal, which includes identifying health problems, and establishing a database for nursing intervention.
The principles to begin the physical assessment include conducting a comprehensive or problem-related history in a quiet, well-lit room, emphasizing privacy and comfort for the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Oral Health Assessment by Lay Personnel for Older Adults
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Breast Self-Examination - the case for a second look.

Eric Dietze1, Veronica Jones1, Victoria Seewaldt1

  • 1City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and Beckman Institute, Duarte, CA.

Current Breast Cancer Reports
|June 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Breast Self-Examination (BSE) did not reduce mortality in a Chinese study, yet its practice in the U.S. is linked to earlier breast cancer detection. Re-evaluation of BSE is needed.

Keywords:
breast cancer screeningbreast self-examinationearly detection

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Preventive Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is a controversial breast cancer screening method.
  • The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended against teaching BSE in 2009.
  • The Shanghai Study, a randomized trial, found no significant difference in mortality between women who performed BSE and those who did not.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the controversy surrounding Breast Self-Examination (BSE).
  • To analyze the findings of the Shanghai Study in the context of its time and setting.
  • To discuss the association between BSE practice in the U.S. and breast cancer detection size.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the Shanghai Study, a randomized trial involving 266,064 Chinese factory workers (1989-1991).
  • Analysis of the limitations of the Shanghai Study, including inconsistent screening and treatment standards in China at the time.
  • Examination of observational data on BSE practice in the United States over 25 years.

Main Results:

  • The Shanghai Study found no significant difference in breast cancer mortality between women instructed in BSE and control groups.
  • Breast cancer was rare in China during the 1980s, with non-standardized screening and treatment protocols.
  • In the U.S., BSE practice has been associated with a reduction in the size of breast cancers detected by women.

Conclusions:

  • The Shanghai Study's findings may not be generalizable due to differences in healthcare standards.
  • Breast Self-Examination (BSE) requires rigorous re-evaluation under current standards of care.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the role of BSE in contemporary breast cancer detection strategies.