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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Oogenesis,  the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Bacterial protein maturation is a tightly regulated process that ensures newly synthesized polypeptides achieve correct functional conformations. This maturation involves a series of modifications, folding events, and quality control steps, often assisted by specialized chaperone proteins.N-Terminal ModificationsThe maturation of bacterial polypeptides begins cotranslationally as the polypeptide exits the ribosome. The first amino acid, N-formylmethionine (fMet), is typically modified at the...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Folliculogenesis is the development of ovarian follicles, the specialized structures within the ovarian cortex where oogenesis, or egg development, occurs. This process is essential for female reproductive health and begins during fetal development when primordial follicles are formed. Each primordial follicle comprises a primary oocyte in the center, surrounded by a single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells. These follicles remain dormant in late prophase I of meiosis until triggered by...
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Defining the Program of Maternal mRNA Translation during In vitro Maturation using a Single Oocyte Reporter Assay
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Post-Translational Modifications in Oocyte Maturation and Embryo Development.

Yu Wu1,2, Mo Li1,2, Mo Yang3

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|June 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) like phosphorylation and ubiquitination are vital for mammalian oocyte maturation and embryo development. This review highlights key PTMs, including SUMOylation and PARylation, crucial for reproductive success.

Keywords:
PTMembryo developmentinfertilityoocyte maturationubiquitination

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Molecular Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian oocyte maturation and embryo development lack new mRNA transcription, making protein regulation critical.
  • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential for regulating key cellular events during these processes.
  • Previous reviews have primarily focused on non-mammalian species, necessitating a focus on mammalian systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent discoveries concerning PTMs in mammalian oocyte maturation and embryo development.
  • To focus on the roles of phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation).
  • To emphasize the importance of these modifications in reproductive biology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on PTMs in mammalian oocytes and embryos.
  • Analysis of the roles of specific PTMs: phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and PARylation.
  • Synthesis of findings regarding the impact of PTMs on key developmental events.

Main Results:

  • Phosphorylation regulates histone H3 and MAPK pathways for chromosome condensation and spindle alignment.
  • Ubiquitination, mediated by E3 ligases, controls protein degradation essential for oocyte maturation and early development.
  • SUMOylation influences the cell cycle and DNA damage response, while PARylation is involved in DNA repair and meiotic division.

Conclusions:

  • PTMs are versatile regulators crucial for distinct phases of mammalian oocyte maturation and embryo development.
  • Understanding these modifications is key to advancing reproductive biology and addressing infertility.
  • The interplay between PTMs and the environment shapes successful reproduction.