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Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions01:24

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Acetylation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, introduces an acetyl group to drugs or their metabolites. Acetyltransferase enzymes facilitate this reaction, which resembles α-amino acid conjugation due to the addition of a functional group to the drug molecule.
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Acetals are formed by reacting two equivalents of alcohol with carbonyl compounds like aldehydes or ketones. Acetals are unaffected by bases, nucleophiles, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents. They serve as protecting groups for aldehydes and ketones. Acetals can be easily formed and also easily removed via mild acid hydrolysis.
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Binding sites linkages can regulate a protein's function.  For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism where the end product of the biochemical process serves as an inhibitor.
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Catalytic function, mechanism, and application of plant acyltransferases.

Linlin Wang1, Kuan Chen1, Meng Zhang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
|June 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Acyltransferases (ATs) are key enzymes modifying natural products. This review details 141 plant-derived ATs, focusing on their functions, expression, and catalytic mechanisms for potential applications.

Keywords:
BAHD-ATSCPL-ATcatalytic applicationnatural productsplant acyltransferase

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • Acyltransferases (ATs) are crucial enzymes in natural product biosynthesis.
  • They modify compounds, enhancing properties like lipid solubility and pharmacological activity.
  • Plant-derived ATs are increasingly important for natural product diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize biochemically characterized acyltransferases (ATs) from plants.
  • To consolidate information on their functions, expression systems, and catalytic mechanisms.
  • To discuss the catalytic performance and application potential of these enzymes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies published between July 1997 and October 2020.
  • Inclusion of 141 biochemically characterized plant acyltransferases.
  • Analysis of enzyme function, heterologous expression, and catalytic mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Compilation of 141 characterized plant acyltransferases.
  • Detailed summary of their diverse functions and catalytic mechanisms.
  • Assessment of their heterologous expression systems and performance.

Conclusions:

  • Acyltransferases play a significant role in natural product structural and functional diversity.
  • Understanding their mechanisms and expression is key to harnessing their potential.
  • These enzymes offer promising applications in biotechnology and drug discovery.