Propolis: Properties and composition, health benefits and applications in fish nutrition

Propolis is a viscous, waxy, resinous substance that is produced from the exudates of flowers and buds by the action of salivary enzymes of honey bees. Propolis may differ in color (brown, red or green), with color being influenced by the chemical composition and age of the product. Propolis has a special distinctive odor owing to the high concentration of volatile essential oils. It is composed of 5% pollen grains, 10% essential and aromatic oils, 30% wax, 50% resin and balsams, and other minor trace substances. Natural propolis products may be useful for a range of applications in aquaculture systems instead of relying on the application of synthetic compounds to manage many ailments that affect business profitability. It has been reported in several studies that propolis enhances performance, economics, immunity response and disease resistance in different fish species. This present review discusses the functional actions of propolis and the prospects of its use as an antimicrobial, antioxidant, immune-modulatory, antiseptic, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory and food additive in aquaculture production. In summary, propolis could be a natural supplement that has the potential to improve fish health status and immunity thereby enhancing growth and productivity of the fish industry as well as economic efficiency.