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    This study introduces a novel spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system using a time-resolved sensor. It demonstrates advanced single-photon detection for enhanced imaging and artifact removal in optical coherence tomography.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Biomedical Imaging Technology
    • Advanced Sensor Development

    Background:

    • Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a key imaging modality.
    • Existing SD-OCT systems face limitations in sensitivity and artifact management.
    • Time-resolved photon counting offers potential for enhanced optical measurements.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and demonstrate a novel SD-OCT system incorporating a time-resolved single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) line sensor.
    • To combine low-coherence interferometry (LCI) with massively parallel time-resolved single-photon counting.
    • To showcase the system's capability for single-photon level spectral detection and temporal discrimination.

    Main Methods:

    • Deployment of a 1024-pixel CMOS SPAD-based time-resolved line sensor.
    • Utilization of a supercontinuum laser source (20 MHz repetition rate, 38 nm bandwidth, 2 mW power at 850 nm).
    • Integration of LCI with time-of-flight based single-photon counting for interference spectra control.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved 87 dB sensitivity at a 1 kHz A-scan rate.
    • Demonstrated acquisition of time-resolved interference spectra and OCT image reconstruction from selected time bins.
    • Exemplified temporal discrimination with 50 ps resolution, successfully removing reflections from 30 mm away.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed SD-OCT system with a time-resolved SPAD sensor enables enhanced imaging by controlling photon detection based on arrival time.
    • The system successfully reconstructs OCT images and removes unwanted reflections, showcasing its potential for advanced photonic applications.
    • Analysis of current limitations and identified potential improvements pave the way for future advancements in time-resolved optical coherence tomography.