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Urethra

Urethra

The urethra is a hollowed tubular organ through which urine is expelled from the body. This structure extends from the bladder to the external opening, allowing urine to be released.
The anatomy of the urethra differs between males and females. In females, the urethra is short, measuring about 3–4 cm in length, and opens anterior to the vaginal opening. In males, the urethra is longer and passes through the penis, serving dual purposes: expelling urine and ejaculating semen. The male...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

Ureters

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...

Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure

Kidney Transplant II: Surgical Procedure

Preoperative ManagementThe primary goals of preoperative management in kidney transplantation are to optimize the patient’s metabolic state and prepare them for surgery through diet adjustments, necessary dialysis, and tailored medical treatment. This phase also involves comprehensive infection screening and patient education about the surgical procedure and postoperative care to improve outcomes and adherence.Medical ManagementA comprehensive evaluation is required for both the living...

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis

Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis

Published on: January 7, 2019

Update on female urethral reconstruction.

Reynaldo G Gomez¹, Jessica Pfeifer²

¹Urology Service, Hospital del Trabajador.

Current Opinion in Urology

|June 22, 2021

Summary

Female urethral stricture (FUS) affects about 1% of women. While urethral dilation has high recurrence, reconstructive surgery offers a 90% cure rate for this condition.

Area of Science:

Urology
Gynecology

Background:

Female urethral stricture (FUS) is an underdiagnosed condition causing significant morbidity.
It affects approximately 1% of women presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an updated review of current evidence on the management of female urethral stricture.
To highlight diagnostic approaches and treatment efficacies for FUS.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on female urethral stricture.
Analysis of diagnostic tools including pelvic examination, uroflowmetry, endoscopy, urethrography, and urodynamics.
Evaluation of treatment outcomes for urethral dilation and reconstructive surgery.

Main Results:

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Idiopathic causes account for 50% of FUS cases, with iatrogenic factors, infection, inflammation, and trauma contributing to the remainder.

Symptoms are often nonspecific, necessitating a high index of suspicion for diagnosis.

Urethral dilation shows high recurrence rates (>50%), whereas reconstructive surgery achieves approximately 90% curative rates.

Conclusions:

Early identification of FUS is crucial.
Urethral dilation is a viable first-line treatment, but reconstructive surgery should be considered after one or two failed attempts at referral centers for better outcomes.