Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

17.6K
The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
17.6K
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

11.0K
Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
11.0K
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

3.4K
3.4K
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

7.6K
The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
7.6K
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

6.3K
Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
6.3K
Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Organization01:28

Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Organization

1.1K
Prokaryotic genomes exhibit a streamlined organization of coding and non-coding regions essential for gene expression and protein synthesis. While coding regions contain the genetic instructions for proteins or functional RNAs, non-coding regions regulate the precise transcription and translation of these genes.Coding Regions: Proteins and RNAsThe primary coding regions, known as structural genes, include sequences transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and ultimately translated into...
1.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

DNA methylation reprogramming in marsupial embryos is restricted to the extraembryonic lineage.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Teleosts as Models for Epigenetic Inheritance.

Molecular ecology·2026
Same author

Targeted sequencing and iterative assembly of near-complete genomes.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

A single-cell multiomics roadmap of zebrafish spermatogenesis reveals regulatory principles of male germline formation.

Molecular systems biology·2025
Same author

Non-CG DNA methylation in animal genomes.

Nature genetics·2025
Same author

Extensive DNA methylome rearrangement during early lamprey embryogenesis.

Nature communications·2024
Same journal

TDP-43 proteinopathy as a biomarker and therapeutic target in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Biochemical Society transactions·2026
Same journal

Advancing the monitoring of organelle contact sites in vitro and in vivo.

Biochemical Society transactions·2026
Same journal

Mechanisms influencing transient cytoplasmic protein targeting to intracellular lipid droplets.

Biochemical Society transactions·2026
Same journal

Replication associated nuclear DNA mismatch repair across kingdoms.

Biochemical Society transactions·2026
Same journal

Phosphatases of regenerating liver downregulate PTEN to promote tumorigenesis.

Biochemical Society transactions·2026
Same journal

Implications of Rho GTPase signaling in cancer immunotherapy.

Biochemical Society transactions·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Locations for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach
11:12

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Locations for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach

Published on: September 11, 2017

7.7K

Sequence determinants, function, and evolution of CpG islands.

Allegra Angeloni1,2, Ozren Bogdanovic1,2

  • 1Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|June 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

CpG islands (CGIs) are DNA sequences that regulate gene activity. This review explores their diverse roles and evolutionary significance in vertebrates and invertebrates.

Keywords:
CpG islandsDNA methylationchromatinorphan CpG islands

More Related Videos

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
04:52

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

1.1K
Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays
14:06

Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays

Published on: November 12, 2012

46.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Locations for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach
11:12

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Locations for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach

Published on: September 11, 2017

7.7K
Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
04:52

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

1.1K
Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays
14:06

Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays

Published on: November 12, 2012

46.7K

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Vertebrate genomes are largely methylated at cytosine-guanine (CpG) sites, with 5-methylcytosine (5mC) marking genes for silencing.
  • CpG islands (CGIs) are rare, CpG-rich, hypomethylated regions in the genome.
  • CGIs are conserved across vertebrate evolution and overlap with gene promoters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse regulatory functions of CGIs.
  • To discuss the evolutionary implications of CGI retention.
  • To explore CGI roles beyond promoter regions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of genomic and epigenomic studies.
  • Analysis of DNA sequence features and regulatory elements.
  • Examination of evolutionary conservation of CGIs.

Main Results:

  • CGIs possess unique DNA features: hypomethylation, high CpG/GC content, and transcription factor binding sites.
  • These features facilitate transcription factor recruitment and transcriptional activation.
  • CGIs are associated with transcriptional initiation sites and may have regulatory roles in various genomic contexts.

Conclusions:

  • CGIs are crucial regulatory elements with conserved functions throughout vertebrate evolution.
  • Their unique epigenetic and sequence properties enable gene regulation.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand CGI functions in diverse genomic contexts and across species.