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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
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Nuclear Stability03:18

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Cyclotron-produced 68Ga from enriched 68Zn foils.

Jonathan Siikanen1, Emma Jussing2, Stefan Milton2

  • 1Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Eugeniavägen 3, SE- 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden; Karolinska Institutet, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Akademiska stråket 1, SE-171 64, Stockholm, Sweden.

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine
|June 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary

High-yield Gallium-68 (68Ga) production for PET imaging is now possible using enriched 68Zn-foils and PET cyclotrons. This method offers a rapid, scalable alternative to generator-produced 68Ga, minimizing target preparation.

Keywords:
Cyclotron produced (68)GaDOTA-Based AMAEnriched (68)Zn foilsSolid target

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Chemistry
  • Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Limited availability of generator-produced Gallium-68 (68Ga) for Positron Emission Tomography (PET).
  • Growing demand for 68Ga necessitates alternative, high-output production methods.
  • Need for scalable and efficient 68Ga production for clinical radiolabeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a rapid production method for clinically useful 68Ga.
  • To expand the production capacity of cyclotron-produced 68Ga.
  • To utilize enriched 68Zn-foils for efficient 68Ga generation.

Main Methods:

  • Charge particle activation of enriched 68Zn using PET cyclotrons.
  • Solid target preparation using enriched 68Zn-foils.
  • Rapid production of 68Ga for radiolabeling.

Main Results:

  • Successful rapid production of clinically useful 68Ga.
  • Demonstrated high-output potential of cyclotron-based 68Ga production.
  • Minimized target preparation through the use of enriched 68Zn-foils.

Conclusions:

  • Enriched 68Zn-foil activation in PET cyclotrons is an effective method for high-yield 68Ga production.
  • This approach offers a scalable and efficient alternative to generator-based 68Ga.
  • The method simplifies target preparation, enhancing overall production capacity.