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Related Concept Videos

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control01:24

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control

182
Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
The design of phase-lead control involves the strategic placement of poles and zeros to balance steady-state error and system...
182
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control01:21

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lag Control

166
Phase-lag controllers are widely used in control systems to improve stability and reduce steady-state errors. A dimmer switch controlling the brightness of a light bulb serves as a practical example of phase-lag control, gradually adjusting the bulb's brightness. Mathematically, phase-lag control or low-pass filtering is represented when the factor 'a' is less than 1.
Phase-lag controllers do not place a pole at zero, but instead influence the steady-state error by amplifying any...
166

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Precise Temporal Control of Interferential Neural Stimulation via Phase Modulation.

Yasuo Terasawa, Hiroyuki Tashiro, Tokio Ueno

    IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering
    |June 23, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Phase modulation interference (PMI) enhances noninvasive neural stimulation by enabling precise temporal control. This advancement improves the practical application of interferential stimulation for targeting neural tissues.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Electrical Engineering

    Background:

    • Noninvasive neural stimulation using temporally interferential (TI) electrical fields is a growing area of interest.
    • A key limitation of TI stimulation is the difficulty in achieving precise temporal control due to the nature of the interference-generated sinusoidal envelope.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the potential of phase modulation interference (PMI) to introduce precise temporal control into interferential stimulation.
    • To enhance the practical utility of TI stimulation for neural targeting.

    Main Methods:

    • Conventional TI involves applying sinusoidal currents with slightly different frequencies to two electrode pairs.
    • Phase modulation interference (PMI) was developed, modulating the phase of a sinusoidal wave instead of frequency to create transient envelope changes.
    • Electromagnetic simulations and tissue phantom measurements were used to visualize and compare the spatial distribution of envelope modulation amplitude for TI and PMI.

    Main Results:

    • PMI successfully generated a precise, temporally controlled pulse-like envelope in the tissue phantom.
    • The spatial distribution of envelope modulation amplitude was consistent between TI and PMI, and aligned with simulation results.
    • No significant difference was observed in the spatial distribution of envelope modulation amplitude between TI and PMI.

    Conclusions:

    • Phase modulation interference (PMI) enables precise temporal control of interferential stimulation.
    • PMI significantly increases the practical utility of interferential stimulation for noninvasive brain stimulation applications.
    • This technique allows for more temporally precise stimulation of neural tissues, even those located distantly from the electrodes.