Green-synthesized CeO₂ nanoparticles for photocatalytic, antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) are a sought-after material in numerous fields due to their potential applications such as in catalysis, cancer therapy, photocatalytic degradation of pollutants, sensors, polishing agents. Green synthesis usually involves the production of CeO2 assisted by organic extracts obtained from plants, leaves, flowers, bacteria, algae, food, fruits, etc. The phytochemicals present in the organic extracts adhere to the NPs and act as reducing and/or oxidizing agents and capping agents to stabilize the NPs, modify the particle size, morphology and band gap energy of the as-synthesized materials, which would be advantageous for numerous applications. This review focuses on the green extract-mediated synthesis of CeO2 NPs and discusses the effects on CeO2 NPs of various synthesis methods that have been reported. Several photocatalytic, antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity applications have been evaluated, compared and discussed. Future prospects are also suggested.