Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

4.7K
Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom,...
4.7K
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

9.1K
When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...
9.1K
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent01:23

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent

9.3K
Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon or arene. The IUPAC names for simple monosubstituted benzene derivatives are derived by adding the substituent's name as a prefix to the parent benzene. For example, halobenzene, where the halogen could be fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), and iodo (I).
9.3K
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:34

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

9.5K
Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling...
9.5K
Mass Spectrometry: Aromatic Compound Fragmentation01:23

Mass Spectrometry: Aromatic Compound Fragmentation

2.1K
Upon ionization, aromatic compounds generate a molecular ion that is observed as a prominent peak in their mass spectra. For example, the molecular ion peak for benzene appears at a mass-to-charge ratio of 78, while toluene is observed at a mass-to-charge ratio of 92. The molecular ion benzene is highly stable and does not readily undergo further fragmentation due to the significant amount of energy required to disrupt the aromatic stability of the benzene ring. In contrast, the molecular ion...
2.1K
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

3.3K
Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous...
3.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Polycyclic aromatic compounds in gull and tern eggs from breeding sites downstream of Athabasca oil sands mines (Alberta, Canada).

Environmental research·2026
Same author

Using chemometrics to discern patterns and spatial distribution of heterocyclic aromatic compounds in Lake Erie fish.

Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)·2026
Same author

Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: The Next Frontier in Environmental Forensic Science.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

Loss to Follow-Up in Patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy after Pars Plana Vitrectomy.

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)·2026
Same author

Habitat and diet affect bioaccumulation of homocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic compounds in Lake Erie fish.

Journal of hazardous materials·2026
Same author

Species- and Tissue-Specific Accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Three Arctic Seabirds.

Environmental science & technology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids BPCA
08:12

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids BPCA

Published on: May 16, 2016

15.8K

Comparison of different approaches to quantify substituted polycyclic aromatic compounds.

Ifeoluwa G Idowu1, Zhe Xia1, Courtney D Sandau2

  • 1Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development (COGRaD), University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.

Journal of Chromatography. A
|June 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Quantifying substituted polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) is challenging due to isomer complexity and lack of standards. Methods using external calibration and average relative response factors (ARRF) with recovery correction showed the best accuracy for individual PACs.

Keywords:
Coal tarCrude oilQuantitationSedimentsSoilSubstituted Polycyclic aromatic compounds

More Related Videos

A Modified QuEChERS-HPLC Method for Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to Fine Particulate Matter
04:39

A Modified QuEChERS-HPLC Method for Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to Fine Particulate Matter

Published on: June 13, 2025

371
On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes
07:49

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

Published on: August 5, 2016

10.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids BPCA
08:12

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids BPCA

Published on: May 16, 2016

15.8K
A Modified QuEChERS-HPLC Method for Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to Fine Particulate Matter
04:39

A Modified QuEChERS-HPLC Method for Detection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to Fine Particulate Matter

Published on: June 13, 2025

371
On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes
07:49

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

Published on: August 5, 2016

10.9K

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Quantifying substituted polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) presents significant challenges in environmental analysis, unlike native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
  • These challenges stem from the vast number of possible isomers, the scarcity of authentic standards, and the absence of a unified quantification approach, leading to poor interlaboratory accuracy.
  • Accurate quantification is crucial for toxicological studies, source delineation, and environmental fingerprinting of PACs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate and compare different quantitative approaches for accurately measuring individual substituted PACs and groups/clusters of PACs.
  • To assess the performance of various methods using certified reference materials from diverse environmental matrices (sediment, coal tar, crude oil).
  • To identify the most reliable methods for quantifying substituted PACs and to highlight areas for improvement in analytical standardization.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluation of five distinct quantitation methods for 16 individual PACs and 32 PAC groups/clusters in three Standard Reference Materials (SRMs).
  • Methods included external calibration with recovery correction, average relative response factor (ARRF) with and without recovery correction, ARRF normalized to deuterated PAHs, and ARRF of native PAHs for substituted PACs.
  • Comparison of results against certified/reference values to determine method accuracy and identify systematic errors.

Main Results:

  • External calibration with recovery correction (Method 1) and ARRF with recovery correction (Method 2) demonstrated the best performance for individual substituted PACs.
  • Method 3 (ARRF without recovery correction) also showed strong performance, with average percentages within ±30% of certified values reaching 87%, 75%, and 100% for the tested SRMs.
  • Quantification using native PAHs yielded the poorest data quality, and significant systematic errors were observed for PAC clusters/groups, particularly alkylated benzanthracenes/chrysenes and dibenzothiophenes.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized approaches, particularly external calibration and ARRF with recovery correction, are vital for accurate substituted PAC quantitation.
  • The commercial availability of more substituted PAC standards is essential to mitigate biases in the quantification of PAC clusters and groups.
  • Further research and standardization efforts are needed to improve interlaboratory consistency and the reliability of environmental monitoring data for these compounds.