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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum optics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • The Fizeau effect describes light dragging by moving media, a cornerstone of special relativity.
  • Experiments dragging photons by electron flow in solids have yielded inconsistent results.
  • Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are hybrid quasiparticles of photons and electrons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dragging of SPPs by electron flow in graphene.
  • To explore the underlying physics of this interaction and its relation to relativistic effects.
  • To demonstrate a novel method for breaking time-reversal symmetry in infrared optics.

Main Methods:

  • Direct visualization of SPP propagation using infrared nano-imaging.
  • Generation and manipulation of high-density currents in graphene.
  • Analysis of SPP wavelength changes in response to carrier drift.

Main Results:

  • Observed direct dragging of SPPs by electron flow in graphene.
  • Demonstrated that SPPs shorten their wavelength when propagating against drifting carriers.
  • Showcased that this plasmonic Fizeau drag is governed by nonlinear electrodynamics of Dirac electrons.

Conclusions:

  • The electron-induced drag of SPPs in graphene defies simple kinematic explanations.
  • This effect enables breaking of time-reversal symmetry and reciprocity at infrared frequencies without magnetic fields.
  • The plasmonic Fizeau drag serves as a tool to study electron liquid interactions and nonequilibrium phenomena.