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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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Metalloid gold clusters - past, current and future aspects.

Sebastian Kenzler1, Andreas Schnepf1

  • 1Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 D-72076 Tübingen Germany andreas.schnepf@uni-tuebingen.de +49-7071-28-2436 +49-7071-29-76635.

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Summary

This review explores metalloid gold clusters, from Faraday's early work to modern synthesis. It details structural motifs and the impact of synthesis on cluster formation and properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Colloidal gold synthesis has a long history, dating back to Faraday's investigations in 1857.
  • The synthesis of the first structurally characterized gold cluster, Au102(SR)44, marked a significant advancement in 2007.
  • Numerous gold clusters have since been synthesized to understand their formation and properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of metalloid gold cluster research.
  • To highlight structural differences in cluster cores and ligand shells, particularly staple motifs.
  • To discuss the influence of synthetic procedures on cluster outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and recent scientific literature on gold cluster synthesis and characterization.
  • Analysis of structural data, focusing on core structures and ligand shell motifs.
  • Discussion of synthetic methodologies and their impact on resulting cluster architectures.

Main Results:

  • Characterization of metalloid gold clusters with diverse core structures and ligand shells, including staple motifs.
  • Identification of newly discovered structural motifs within gold clusters.
  • Comparison of structural motifs to elucidate structure-property relationships.

Conclusions:

  • Metalloid gold clusters exhibit rich structural diversity influenced by synthetic conditions.
  • Understanding these structures is crucial for advancing gold chemistry and nanotechnology.
  • Future research may explore novel reactions and applications of these advanced gold clusters.