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Related Concept Videos

Reflection of Waves01:07

Reflection of Waves

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When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
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Echo01:06

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The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
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Propagation of Waves01:07

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When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
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Travelling Waves01:04

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A wave is a disturbance that propagates from its source, repeating itself periodically, and is typically associated with simple harmonic motion. Mechanical waves are governed by Newton's laws and require a medium to travel. A medium is a substance in which a mechanical wave propagates, and the medium produces an elastic restoring force when it is deformed.
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Traveling Waves: Lossless Lines01:27

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The provided content explores the behavior of traveling waves on single-phase lossless transmission lines. It begins with a single-phase two-wire lossless transmission line of length Δx, characterized by a loop inductance LH/m and a line-to-line capacitance C F/m. These parameters result in a series inductance LΔx  and a shunt capacitance CΔx.
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Bewley Lattice Diagram01:12

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The Bewley lattice diagram, developed by L. V. Bewley, effectively organizes the reflections occurring during transmission-line transients. It visually represents how voltage waves propagate and reflect within a transmission line, making it easier to understand the complex interactions that occur.
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Tracking Infiltration Front Depth Using Time-lapse Multi-offset Gathers Collected with Array Antenna Ground Penetrating Radar
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Wave reflection: More than a round trip.

Rashid Afkhami1, Sarah Johnson1

  • 1School of Engineering, The Unviersity of Newcastle, Australia.

Medical Engineering & Physics
|June 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study models vascular ageing using reflected pressure waves. The mathematical model for reflection time and augmentation index offers insights into age-related changes in arterial health.

Keywords:
AgeingArteriesAugmentation indexBlood pressureReflection timeWave reflection

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular physiology
  • Biomedical engineering
  • Medical physics

Background:

  • Vascular ageing is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular events.
  • Reflected pressure waves are crucial for understanding vascular ageing.
  • Current metrics for wave reflection may be influenced by factors beyond vascular health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive a mathematical model for reflection time (Trefl) and augmentation index (AI) using transmission-line theory.
  • To analyze the influence of arterial system properties on these vascular ageing indices.
  • To validate the model against existing literature data.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized transmission-line theory to develop a mathematical model for Trefl and AI.
  • Assumed a general extended model of the arterial system for derivation.
  • Tested the derived model against published literature values.

Main Results:

  • The model provides a theoretical framework for understanding Trefl and AI.
  • Model insights align with observed age-related shifts in reflection sites.
  • Model explains variations in AI with heart rate and Trefl flattening in older individuals.

Conclusions:

  • The derived mathematical model offers a novel approach to assess vascular ageing.
  • The model helps elucidate the relationship between arterial properties and wave reflection indices.
  • This work contributes to a better understanding of cardiovascular event risk factors.