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Related Concept Videos

Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

944
Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles,...
944
Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

936
Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
936
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

60.4K
In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
60.4K
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

36.4K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
36.4K
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

17.1K
A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
17.1K
Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs02:26

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

18.2K
Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
Copy number variations or CNVs are the structural variations that cover more than 1kb of DNA sequence. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), on the other hand, is a single nucleotide change or a point mutation that is found in more than 1%...
18.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

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HIV-1 and human genetic variation.

Paul J McLaren1,2, Jacques Fellay3,4,5

  • 1National HIV and Retrovirology Laboratory at the JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.

Nature Reviews. Genetics
|June 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Human genetic variation impacts HIV infection response. Studying human and HIV genomes reveals pathogenic mechanisms and suggests new prevention and treatment strategies for AIDS.

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Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Virology

Background:

  • Research over four decades has elucidated the natural history of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and its detrimental effects on human immunity, leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
  • HIV host genomic research has evolved significantly, moving from initial candidate gene studies to sophisticated multi-omic approaches.
  • Advances in sequencing technology and data science have accelerated progress in understanding host genetic influences on HIV.
  • HIV's life cycle involves not only cellular invasion and replication but also stable integration into the host genome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how variations in human genes influence an individual's susceptibility and response to HIV infection.
  • To explore the complex interplay between the human and HIV genomes.
  • To identify novel targets for HIV prevention and therapy by understanding pathogenic mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and recent HIV host genomic research, encompassing candidate gene studies and multi-omic analyses.
  • Analysis of advancements in sequencing technologies and data science applications in HIV research.
  • Examination of studies focusing on the integration of HIV into the human genome.

Main Results:

  • Human genetic variations play a crucial role in determining the course of HIV infection and the development of AIDS.
  • Multi-omic approaches provide a comprehensive view of host-pathogen interactions.
  • Understanding the integration of HIV into the host genome offers insights into viral persistence and pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • The study of human genetic variation in response to HIV infection is critical for understanding disease progression.
  • Complex interactions between host and viral genomes are key to unraveling HIV pathogenesis.
  • Insights gained from genomic research offer promising avenues for developing innovative preventive and therapeutic strategies against HIV/AIDS.