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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy01:18

Entropy

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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics01:14

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Scientists refer to the measure of randomness or disorder within a system as entropy. High entropy means high disorder and low energy. To better understand entropy, think of a student’s bedroom. If no energy or work were put into it, the room would quickly become messy. It would exist in a very disordered state, one of high entropy. Energy must be...
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Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
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Second Law of Thermodynamics00:53

Second Law of Thermodynamics

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The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the...
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Third Law of Thermodynamics02:38

Third Law of Thermodynamics

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A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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Spontaneous Negative Entropy Increments in Granular Flows.

Rossella Laudani1, Martin Ostoja-Starzewski2

  • 1Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Messina 98122, Italy.

Journal of Applied Mechanics
|June 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics is violated in granular materials, showing negative entropy increments. This phenomenon depends on flow conditions and material stiffness, challenging classical mechanics axioms.

Keywords:
constitutive modeling of materialsmicromechanicsthermodynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Continuum Mechanics
  • Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics
  • Granular Physics
  • Molecular Dynamics

Background:

  • The entropy inequality is a fundamental axiom in continuum mechanics.
  • Nonequilibrium thermodynamics introduces fluctuation theorems that modify classical laws for finite systems.
  • Macroscopic granular media dynamics involve complex collisional interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spontaneous violation of the entropy inequality in granular media.
  • To analyze the occurrence of negative entropy increments within the framework of fluctuation theorems.
  • To determine the influence of flow gradients and material properties on entropy behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Simulations of monosized circular disks in Couette flow using molecular dynamics.
  • Inclusion of frictional-Hookean contacts and micropolar effects in simulations.
  • System sizes ranging from 10 to 10^4 disks with varying diameters (0.01 m to 1 m).

Main Results:

  • Observed spontaneous violation of the entropy inequality, leading to stochastic negative entropy increments.
  • Probability of negative entropy increments decreases with increasing Eulerian velocity gradient.
  • Probability of negative entropy increments increases sigmoidally with increasing Young modulus of the disks.

Conclusions:

  • The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be stochastically violated in granular systems.
  • Material stiffness (Young modulus) and flow conditions significantly impact entropy production.
  • Poisson's ratio has a negligible effect on the probability of negative entropy increments.