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Transcriptome Dynamics Underlying Chlamydospore Formation in Trichoderma virens GV29-8.

Xinhong Peng1, Beilei Wu1, Shuaihu Zhang1

  • 1Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|June 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals key molecular mechanisms behind Trichoderma chlamydospore formation (CF). Understanding these pathways, particularly nitrogen metabolism and cell wall synthesis, is crucial for improving Trichoderma biocontrol agents.

Keywords:
GO enrichmentKEGG enrichmentSTC analysisTrichoderma virensWGCNA analysischlamydosporestranscriptome

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology and Plant Pathology
  • Molecular Biology and Genetics
  • Biocontrol and Agricultural Biotechnology

Background:

  • Trichoderma spp. are vital biocontrol agents, with chlamydospores offering superior storage and application potential compared to conidia.
  • Large-scale chlamydospore production in Trichoderma remains a significant challenge, hindering their widespread use.
  • Understanding the genetic and molecular basis of chlamydospore formation (CF) is essential for optimizing production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms and key genetic pathways governing chlamydospore formation (CF) in Trichoderma spp.
  • To identify critical genes and metabolic processes involved in different developmental stages of CF.
  • To provide a foundation for enhancing the efficient, large-scale production of Trichoderma chlamydospores.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive transcriptome analysis across 8 developmental time points during CF, categorized into 4 stages (S1-S4) using PCA.
  • Differential gene expression (DEG) analysis between developmental stages (S2 vs S1, S3 vs S2, S4 vs S3).
  • Gene Ontology (GO), KEGG pathway, and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify key genes and pathways.
  • Functional validation through gene deletion, specifically targeting the chitin synthase gene (TRIVIDRAFT_90152) in T. virens.

Main Results:

  • Significant DEGs were identified across all CF stages, enriched in organonitrogen compound metabolism (S2), secondary metabolites and cell cycle (S3), and lipid, glycogen, and chitin metabolism (S4).
  • Nitrogen deficiency and adverse conditions during S2 are hypothesized to trigger cell differentiation and CF.
  • High expression of genes involved in glycogen, lipid, mannan, and chitin synthesis during S3 and S4 supports energy storage and cell wall construction.
  • Deletion of the chitin synthase gene (TRIVIDRAFT_90152) resulted in impaired mycelial development and failed chlamydospore formation, confirming its role in CF.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a complex interplay of metabolic pathways, including nitrogen assimilation, secondary metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and cell wall biosynthesis, driving Trichoderma chlamydospore formation.
  • Specific pathways like amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, involving chitin synthase, are critical for successful CF.
  • These findings offer novel insights into the genetic regulation of CF, paving the way for improved production strategies for Trichoderma biocontrol agents.