Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

7.3K
The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
7.3K
Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

9.4K
Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
9.4K
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

60.4K
In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
60.4K
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

7.6K
The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
7.6K
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

3.2K
3.2K
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

10.2K
Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
10.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Genomic dissection of hoof and leg conformation in Swiss dairy cattle populations reveals polygenic architecture and a recessive HYAL1 nonsense variant affecting longevity in Holstein cattle.

Genetics, selection, evolution : GSE·2026
Same author

Phenotypic cliffs in the RNA genotype-phenotype map.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface·2026
Same author

An entropic measure of diverse specialization highlights multifunctional neurons in annotated connectomes.

Network neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)·2026
Same author

Immune responses of Bos indicus versus Bos taurus cattle towards Bluetongue virus or Schmallenberg virus differ significantly.

Communications biology·2026
Same author

Molecular QTL are enriched for structural variants in a cattle long-read cohort.

Communications biology·2026
Same author

PG-SCUnK: measuring pangenome graph representativeness using single-copy and universal K-mers.

BMC bioinformatics·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
04:52

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

1.1K

Gene duplication and subsequent diversification strongly affect phenotypic evolvability and robustness.

V Jouffrey1,2, A S Leonard1,2, S E Ahnert1,2

  • 1Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.

Royal Society Open Science
|June 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Non-determinism in genotype-phenotype (GP) maps enables positive correlation between evolvability and robustness. Gene duplication initially reduces evolvability but subsequent diversification greatly increases it.

Keywords:
Polyominogene duplicationgenotype–phenotype mapself-assembly

More Related Videos

Daily Transfers, Archiving Populations, and Measuring Fitness in the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli
15:00

Daily Transfers, Archiving Populations, and Measuring Fitness in the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli

Published on: August 18, 2023

3.8K
High-Throughput Live Imaging of Microcolonies to Measure Heterogeneity in Growth and Gene Expression
12:52

High-Throughput Live Imaging of Microcolonies to Measure Heterogeneity in Growth and Gene Expression

Published on: April 18, 2021

5.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
04:52

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

1.1K
Daily Transfers, Archiving Populations, and Measuring Fitness in the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli
15:00

Daily Transfers, Archiving Populations, and Measuring Fitness in the Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Escherichia coli

Published on: August 18, 2023

3.8K
High-Throughput Live Imaging of Microcolonies to Measure Heterogeneity in Growth and Gene Expression
12:52

High-Throughput Live Imaging of Microcolonies to Measure Heterogeneity in Growth and Gene Expression

Published on: April 18, 2021

5.1K

Area of Science:

  • Computational Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Genotype-phenotype (GP) maps are crucial for understanding evolution.
  • Previous models often assume deterministic relationships.
  • Protein quaternary structure assembly is a key application area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the impact of non-determinism on GP map structure.
  • Analyze the effects of gene duplication and diversification on evolvability and robustness.
  • Develop new metrics for non-deterministic GP maps.

Main Methods:

  • Introduced a non-deterministic Polyomino self-assembly model.
  • Developed generalized metrics for evolvability and robustness.
  • Evaluated GP map properties under non-determinism and gene duplication.

Main Results:

  • Non-determinism allows positive correlation between evolvability and robustness.
  • Gene duplication initially increases robustness but decreases evolvability.
  • Subsequent diversification after duplication strongly enhances evolvability.

Conclusions:

  • Non-deterministic phenotypes can simultaneously support robustness and evolvability.
  • Gene duplication and diversification dynamics shape GP map evolution.
  • The study challenges deterministic assumptions in evolutionary modeling.