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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy
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Functional and morphological changes in hypoplasic posterior fossa.

Federico Bianchi1, Alberto Benato1, Paolo Frassanito1

  • 1Neurochirurgia Infantile, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.

Child'S Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery
|June 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding posterior cranial fossa (PCF) development is key for diagnosing and managing conditions like craniosynostosis and Chiari type I malformation (CIM). This review updates knowledge on PCF hypoplasia and its clinical implications.

Keywords:
AchondroplasiaChiari I malformationCraniosynostosisHydrocephalusPosterior cranial fossaPrecision medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroanatomy
  • Developmental Biology
  • Medical Genetics

Background:

  • Knowledge of posterior cranial fossa (PCF) development and anatomy is critical for understanding diseases involving reduced PCF surface or volume.
  • Conditions such as craniosynostosis and Chiari type I malformation (CIM) are directly impacted by PCF morphology.
  • Understanding functional and morphological changes in hypoplastic PCF is essential for effective patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current literature on the development and anatomy of the posterior cranial fossa.
  • To provide an update on the understanding of diseases associated with reduced PCF volume or surface area.
  • To focus on PCF characteristics in craniosynostosis, CIM, and achondroplasia.

Main Methods:

  • A review of the most recent and relevant scientific literature was conducted.
  • The review focused on studies examining changes in hypoplastic PCF.
  • Particular attention was given to research on PCF characteristics in craniosynostosis, CIM, and achondroplasia.

Main Results:

  • Syndromic craniosynostoses exhibit varying degrees of PCF hypoplasia due to premature suture fusion, impacting PCF structures and leading to conditions like CIM and hydrocephalus.
  • In primary CIM, PCF volumetry is often comparable to healthy individuals, with the condition arising from foramen magnum overcrowding due to cranio-cerebral disproportion, potentially linked to neural tissue overgrowth.
  • Achondroplasia presents with macrocephaly and reduced PCF dimensions, with unclear aspects regarding hydrocephalus and spinal cord damage, though a smaller foramen magnum may prevent hindbrain herniation.

Conclusions:

  • PCF hypoplasia in craniosynostosis results from complex factors affecting sutures and foramina, explaining diverse clinical presentations.
  • The etiology of Chiari type I malformation is debated, with evidence suggesting neural growth rather than solely PCF hypoplasia.
  • Achondroplasia involves significant PCF alterations, with some features like low CIM incidence potentially explained by foramen magnum size.